Mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan: half of the world's phenomenon is right here
Azerbaijan is the land of mud volcanoes. With more than 400 of these formations, Azerbaijan accounts for approximately half of all mud volcanoes in the world. These peculiar geological structures, which have nothing in common with conventional lava volcanoes, are one of the most unusual and striking experiences the Caucasus has to offer.
What are mud volcanoes?
Mud volcanoes are geological formations that expel a mixture of mud, saltwater and gases — primarily methane — rather than the lava and magma of conventional volcanoes. They form in areas where there are underground deposits of mud, clay and pressurised gases. When the pressure exceeds the resistance of the ground, the mixture rises and erupts at the surface.
The mud volcanoes of Gobustan
The most accessible from Baku are the mud volcanoes located near the Gobustan Rock Art Park, about 60 km from the capital. In this almost lunar landscape, dozens of volcanoes of different sizes bubble continuously or erupt periodically, creating a completely surreal geological scene.
Eruptions: from bubbles to explosions
The activity of mud volcanoes varies enormously. Some only bubble gently and continuously. Others have periodic eruptions that can hurl mud and gases dozens of metres into the air. The most spectacular eruptions, which can ignite if the methane gas catches fire, occur unpredictably.
Properties and curiosities of volcanic mud
In local culture, the mud from these volcanoes is said to have therapeutic properties for the skin, particularly for conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Although these properties have not been scientifically proven, it is common to see visitors coating their skin with the grey, sticky mud from the craters.
How to visit them
The Gobustan mud volcanoes are best visited as an extension of the petroglyphs park, just a few kilometres away. Footwear you don't mind getting dirty is recommended, along with a local guide to navigate between the active craters.
Frequently asked questions
Are mud volcanoes dangerous?
Generally not, although active craters can hurl mud without warning. It is advisable not to get too close to the most active ones and to follow the guide's instructions.
How many mud volcanoes are there in Azerbaijan?
More than 400, representing approximately 50% of the world's total. They are concentrated mainly on the Absheron Peninsula and in the Gobustan area.
Can you bathe in the volcano mud?
Some visitors coat their skin with it for its supposed therapeutic properties, but full immersion is not recommended. The mud is cold, saline and may contain methane gas.